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serratia bacteria, bacillus globigii, and aspergillus fumigatus. They shipped the boxes
from a supply depot in Pennsylvania to Norfolk, Va. The Navy wanted to see how easily
germs could be spread to people handling the boxes. In particular, they chose aspergillus,
according to one report, because they thought black workers would be very prone to
catching it. In 1953, the U.S. Chemical Corps sprayed clouds of bacteria and possibly
chemicals (particular ingredients' names not available) over Winnipeg, Canada, and
Stony Mountain, Manitoba. Fort Detrick scientists, in 1950, conducted a number of tests
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with a crop disease, cereal rust spores. Pigeons were dusted with the spores, flew out 100
miles from their cages, and returned. Tests showed they had enough spores left to infect
the oats in their cages. Some pigeons were then dropped out of planes over the Virgin
Islands. Eventually, instead of birds, a bomb was used which released infected turkey
feathers. In 1953 and 1954, two British operations, Ozone and Negation, used animals
strapped to rafts which were floated off the Bahamas. Clouds of bacteria, possibly
anthrax and brucella, were released and the animals died. They were burned at sea. In
1952 or 53, similar British operations were carried out in Europe. These also involved
animals, but in cages: mice, guinea-pigs, and rabbits, several thousand in all. They were
floated on rafts at sea off Scotland, and also contaminated with clouds of germs. They too
died. Their bodies were brought back to shore for analysis. During the 1950s and 60s, the
Utah CBW center, Dugway Proving Ground, in conjunction with the University of Utah,
carried on outdoor tests in which animals were infected with Rocky Mountain spotted
fever, Q-fever, tularemia, and plague. These tests of dangerous bioagents were run near
populated areas. Apparently the justification used was, the diseases already existed in
wild animal populations in the vicinity. In 1977, it was revealed that the U.S. Army had
performed 239 secret biological tests in the U.S. between 1949-1969. Example: In 1965,
"biological agents" were spread around at a Greyhound bus terminal in Washington DC.
This routine was repeated in 1968 in a New York City subway station. Meanwhile, by as
early as 1953, 1500 British soldiers had been tested for reaction to nerve gases at Porton
Down. Between 1953 and 1957, the U.S. Army handed out $100,000 to the New York
Psychiatric Institute, for testing patients' reactions to selected drugs. One of these
patients, a tennis pro named Harold Blauer, died after an injection of a mescaline
derivative. On May 5, 1987, a New York judge awarded $700,000 to Blauer's estate. In
November of 1953, a senior CIA official named Sid Gottlieb attended a meeting of Fort
Detrick scientists and CIA people in the Appalachians. Later, Gottlieb told th e men he
had put LSD in their drinks. Frank Olson, a civilian scientist from Detrick, arrived home
depressed, and a week later jumped to his death from the 10th floor of a New York hotel.
Twenty-two years later, Olson's family learned about the LSD connection. All told, it is
estimated that 1500 Armed Forces personnel and civilians were given LSD and other
hallucinogens in tests. The figure is clearly understated. In 1961, Operation Ranch Hand
commenced in Vietnam. In the next three years, defoliants were sprayed from Mekong to
the DMZ. There were Agents Green, White, Pink, Purple, Blue, and Orange. During the
Vietnam war, Seventh Day Adventists who were serving as non-combatants were
exposed to airborne tularemia by Fort Detrick personnel and developed acute tularemia.
At Porton Down, the number one British CBW center, between 1960 and 1966, 33
terminal cancer patients were tested with Langhat Virus and Kyasanur Forest Disease
Virus. All the testees died, two after contracting encephalitis. From the mid-1940s to the
mid-1970s, the Manhattan Project, Atomic Energy Commission, and the Energy
Research and Development Administration carried out radiation tests on citizens
throughout the U.S. In 1945-7, 18 people diagnosed as terminally ill were injected with
plutonium. This experiment was run in 4 large hospitals from Tennessee to Northern
California. In 1946-7, six patients with good kidney function were injected with uranium
salts at the University of Rochester. In 1951-2, 14 people were exposed to tritium by
breathing, immersion, or ingestion in Richland, Washington. Radioactive iodine was
released deliberately seven times, 1963-5, at the Atomic Energy Commission Reactor
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Testing station in Idaho. Seven people drank milk from cows that grazed on the
contaminated land. In the early 1960s, 20 elderly people were fed radium or thorium at
MIT. 1961-3, 102 people were fed real fallout from Nevada test sites, and simulated
particles containing strontium, barium, and cesium, at the University of Chicago and the
Argonne National Laboratory. In the 1960s, 57 normal adults were fed radioactive
uranium and manganese spheres at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. In recent years,
there have been several allegations of biowarfare. U.S. intelligence agencies claim an
outbreak of anthrax in the Soviet city of Sverdlovsk, in the spring of 1979, was the
outcome of a leak from a suspected CBW lab there. Rumor is that 40 to 1000 people died
in the incident. The U.S. states that the Soviet Union has been using yellow fever agent in
Afghanistan. Iran claims Iraq is using mustard gas, and perhaps nerve gas, on Iranian
troops. In the fall of 1987, West German police raided 12 companies suspected of
shipping Iraq equipment for the production of poison gas. In several countries where
AIDS cases have been reported, allegations of CBW use have been made in the context
of wars and revolutions. 1. 1985-6, Angola. UNITA rebels claim they have been attacked
by napalm and unidentified chemical agents. 2. According to several accounts, Angola
and Mozambique were attacked (1969-74) with unidentified chemical and bio agents by
Portugal. 3. An UN report indicates that in 1978 and 1982 South African UNITA rebels
attacked Angola with some sort of paralyzing gas. Angola alleges that UNITA, in a later
1984 incident, used an unidentified chemical agent in that war. 4. The USSR states that in
1984, the US, in a Brazilian deforestation program, killed 7000 Indians and caused many
birth defects, through the use of chemical herbicides. In their excellent A Higher Form of
Killing, Robert Harris and Jeremy Paxman remark that, during the Vietman war,
Pentagon people were busy researching blood types on groups of Asians. Were scientists
thinking of ways to develop ethnic-specific weapons? Harris and Paxman offer this quote
from a Fort Belvoir, Va., 1975 publication, Decontamination of Water Containing
Chemical Warfare Agent: "... it is theoretically possible to develop so-called ethnic [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]